Abstract

This study focuses on Mali, explaining the nature of conflicts and conflict threats in a regional context. It identifies and examines three main sources of conflict and insecurity in Mali’s post-independence period: 1) transborder criminal and terrorist armed activity linked to the history of armed conflict in the Northern regions; 2) historical Tuareg/Arab insurgencies from the 1960s to the late 2000s; and 3) local-level, resource-related conflicts tied to contrasting livelihood systems (especially water and pasture access and management). The study situates the sources of insecurity within the framework developed in the WDR Concept Note, including discussions of stresses, capabilities, and expectations; the role of cross-border and global dynamics; the evolution and change of forms of violence; the role of leadership; and other aspects outlined in the note. The case study also examines some ways in which conflicts have been attempted to be resolved.

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A Note on WDR 2011 Case Studies:  As stated in the report, some of the ground that the WDR 2011 covers falls outside the World Bank’s traditional development mandate, a reflection of a growing international policy consensus that addressing violent conflict and promoting economic development both require a deeper understanding of the close relationship between politics, security, and development. WDR case studies were commissioned in recognition of this consensus, and also in recognition of the Bank’s need to understand the nature of organized violence and effective national responses. In studying these areas, the World Bank does not aspire to go beyond its core mandate as set out in its Articles of Agreement, but rather to improve the effectiveness of development interventions in places threatened or affected by large-scale violence. It should be clearly understood that WDR case studies reflect the opinions and perspectives of their authors, not of the World Bank's staff, management or Executive Directors